How to limit a number to a range

Short answer

Since Java 21 there is Math.clamp(value, min, max):

void main() {
    IO.println(Math.clamp(150, 0, 100));
    IO.println(Math.clamp(-5, 0, 100));
    IO.println(Math.clamp(42, 0, 100));
}

Output:

100
0
42

The combination of Math.min() and Math.max() gives the same result — this is how it is done in older Java versions:

void main() {
    int volume = 120;
    int limited = Math.max(0, Math.min(volume, 100));
 
    IO.println(limited);
}

Output:

clamp() works with double too:

void main() {
    double opacity = 1.4;
    IO.println(Math.clamp(opacity, 0.0, 1.0));
}

Output:

1.0

Mixing up the order of the bounds. Math.clamp() checks that the minimum is not greater than the maximum and throws:

void main() {
    IO.println(Math.clamp(50, 100, 0));
}

Output:

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: 100 > 0